HTTP2

Hertz 同时支持 h2 和 h2c。参考了 net/http2 的实现。

HTTP/2 是对 HTTP “在线” 表达方式的一种替代。它并不是对协议的彻底重写；HTTP 方法、状态码和语义都是一样的，而且应该可以使用与 HTTP/1.x 相同的 API（可能会有一些小的补充）来表示协议。

协议的侧重点是性能：缩短用户感知的延迟、减少网络和服务器资源的使用。一个主要目标是允许使用从浏览器到网站的单一连接。

Hertz 同时支持 h2 和 h2c。参考了 net/http2 的实现。

示例代码

h2

package main

import (
	"context"
	"crypto/tls"
	"encoding/json"
	"fmt"
	"net/http"
	"time"

	"github.com/cloudwego/hertz/pkg/app"
	"github.com/cloudwego/hertz/pkg/app/client"
	"github.com/cloudwego/hertz/pkg/app/server"
	"github.com/cloudwego/hertz/pkg/network/standard"
	"github.com/cloudwego/hertz/pkg/protocol"

	"github.com/hertz-contrib/http2/config"
	"github.com/hertz-contrib/http2/factory"
)

const (
	keyPEM = `<your key PEM>`
	certPEM = `<your cert PEM>`
)

func runClient() {
	cli, _ := client.NewClient()
	cli.SetClientFactory(factory.NewClientFactory(
		config.WithDialer(standard.NewDialer()),
		config.WithTLSConfig(&tls.Config{InsecureSkipVerify: true})))

	v, _ := json.Marshal(map[string]string{
		"hello":    "world",
		"protocol": "h2",
	})

	for {
		time.Sleep(time.Second * 1)
		req, rsp := protocol.AcquireRequest(), protocol.AcquireResponse()
		req.SetMethod("POST")
		req.SetRequestURI("https://127.0.0.1:8888")
		req.SetBody(v)
		err := cli.Do(context.Background(), req, rsp)
		if err != nil {
			fmt.Println(err)
			return
		}
		fmt.Printf("[client]: received body: %s\n", string(rsp.Body()))
	}
}

func main() {
	cfg := &tls.Config{
		MinVersion:       tls.VersionTLS12,
		CurvePreferences: []tls.CurveID{tls.X25519, tls.CurveP256},
		CipherSuites: []uint16{
			tls.TLS_ECDHE_ECDSA_WITH_CHACHA20_POLY1305,
			tls.TLS_ECDHE_ECDSA_WITH_AES_256_GCM_SHA384,
			tls.TLS_ECDHE_ECDSA_WITH_AES_128_GCM_SHA256,
		},
	}

	cert, err := tls.X509KeyPair([]byte(certPEM), []byte(keyPEM))
	if err != nil {
		fmt.Println(err.Error())
	}
	cfg.Certificates = append(cfg.Certificates, cert)
	h := server.New(server.WithHostPorts(":8888"), server.WithALPN(true), server.WithTLS(cfg))

	// register http2 server factory
	h.AddProtocol("h2", factory.NewServerFactory(
		config.WithReadTimeout(time.Minute),
		config.WithDisableKeepAlive(false)))
	cfg.NextProtos = append(cfg.NextProtos, "h2")

	h.POST("/", func(ctx context.Context, c *app.RequestContext) {
		var j map[string]string
		_ = json.Unmarshal(c.Request.Body(), &j)
		fmt.Printf("[server]: received request: %+v\n", j)

		r := map[string]string{
			"msg": "hello world",
		}
		for k, v := range j {
			r[k] = v
		}
		c.JSON(http.StatusOK, r)
	})

	go runClient()

	h.Spin()
}

h2c

package main

import (
	"context"
	"encoding/json"
	"fmt"
	"net/http"
	"time"

	"github.com/cloudwego/hertz/pkg/app"
	"github.com/cloudwego/hertz/pkg/app/client"
	"github.com/cloudwego/hertz/pkg/app/server"
	"github.com/cloudwego/hertz/pkg/protocol"

	"github.com/hertz-contrib/http2/config"
	"github.com/hertz-contrib/http2/factory"
)

func runClient() {
	c, _ := client.NewClient()
	c.SetClientFactory(factory.NewClientFactory(config.WithAllowHTTP(true)))
	v, _ := json.Marshal(map[string]string{
		"hello":    "world",
		"protocol": "h2c",
	})

	for {
		time.Sleep(time.Second * 1)
		req, rsp := protocol.AcquireRequest(), protocol.AcquireResponse()
		req.SetMethod("POST")
		req.SetRequestURI("http://127.0.0.1:8888")
		req.SetBody(v)
		err := c.Do(context.Background(), req, rsp)
		if err != nil {
			fmt.Println(err)
			return
		}
		fmt.Printf("client received body: %s\n", string(rsp.Body()))
	}
}

func main() {
	h := server.New(server.WithHostPorts(":8888"), server.WithH2C(true))

	// register http2 server factory
	h.AddProtocol("h2", factory.NewServerFactory())

	h.POST("/", func(ctx context.Context, c *app.RequestContext) {
		var j map[string]string
		_ = json.Unmarshal(c.Request.Body(), &j)
		fmt.Printf("server received request: %+v\n", j)
		r := map[string]string{
			"msg": "hello world",
		}
		for k, v := range j {
			r[k] = v
		}
		c.JSON(http.StatusOK, r)
	})

	go runClient()

	h.Spin()
}

配置

服务端

配置	默认值	介绍
`ReadTimeout`	`0`	建立连接后，从服务器读取到可用资源的超时时间
`DisableKeepAlive`	`false`	是否关闭 `Keep-Alive` 模式

示例代码：

package main

import (
	"context"
	"crypto/tls"
	"encoding/json"
	"fmt"
	"net/http"
	"time"

	"github.com/cloudwego/hertz/pkg/app"
	"github.com/cloudwego/hertz/pkg/app/client"
	"github.com/cloudwego/hertz/pkg/app/server"
	"github.com/cloudwego/hertz/pkg/network/standard"
	"github.com/cloudwego/hertz/pkg/protocol"

	"github.com/hertz-contrib/http2/config"
	"github.com/hertz-contrib/http2/factory"
)

const (
	keyPEM = `<your key PEM>`
	certPEM = `<your cert PEM>`
)

func runClient() {
	cli, _ := client.NewClient()
	cli.SetClientFactory(factory.NewClientFactory(
		config.WithDialer(standard.NewDialer()),
		config.WithTLSConfig(&tls.Config{InsecureSkipVerify: true})))

	v, _ := json.Marshal(map[string]string{
		"hello":    "world",
		"protocol": "h2",
	})

	for {
		time.Sleep(time.Second * 1)
		req, rsp := protocol.AcquireRequest(), protocol.AcquireResponse()
		req.SetMethod("POST")
		req.SetRequestURI("https://127.0.0.1:8888")
		req.SetBody(v)
		err := cli.Do(context.Background(), req, rsp)
		if err != nil {
			fmt.Println(err)
			return
		}
		fmt.Printf("[client]: received body: %s\n", string(rsp.Body()))
	}
}

func main() {
	cfg := &tls.Config{
		MinVersion:       tls.VersionTLS12,
		CurvePreferences: []tls.CurveID{tls.X25519, tls.CurveP256},
		CipherSuites: []uint16{
			tls.TLS_ECDHE_ECDSA_WITH_CHACHA20_POLY1305,
			tls.TLS_ECDHE_ECDSA_WITH_AES_256_GCM_SHA384,
			tls.TLS_ECDHE_ECDSA_WITH_AES_128_GCM_SHA256,
		},
	}

	cert, err := tls.X509KeyPair([]byte(certPEM), []byte(keyPEM))
	if err != nil {
		fmt.Println(err.Error())
	}
	cfg.Certificates = append(cfg.Certificates, cert)
	h := server.New(server.WithHostPorts(":8888"), server.WithALPN(true), server.WithTLS(cfg))

	// register http2 server factory
	h.AddProtocol("h2", factory.NewServerFactory(
		config.WithReadTimeout(time.Minute),
		config.WithDisableKeepAlive(false)))
	cfg.NextProtos = append(cfg.NextProtos, "h2")

	h.POST("/", func(ctx context.Context, c *app.RequestContext) {
		var j map[string]string
		_ = json.Unmarshal(c.Request.Body(), &j)
		fmt.Printf("[server]: received request: %+v\n", j)

		r := map[string]string{
			"msg": "hello world",
		}
		for k, v := range j {
			r[k] = v
		}
		c.JSON(http.StatusOK, r)
	})

	go runClient()

	h.Spin()
}

WithReadTimeout

用于设置 ReadTimeout,默认值为 0。

函数签名：

func WithReadTimeout(t time.Duration) Option

WithDisableKeepAlive

用于设置是否禁用 keep-alive，默认不禁用。

函数签名:

func WithDisableKeepAlive(disableKeepAlive bool) Option

客户端

配置	默认值	介绍
`MaxHeaderListSize`	`0`，指使用默认的限制（10MB）	指 http2 规范中的 `SETTINGS_MAX_HEADER_LIST_SIZE`。
`AllowHTTP`	`false`	设置是否允许 http，h2c 模式的开关
`ReadIdleTimeout`	`0`，即不进行健康检查	若连接在该段时间间隔内未接收到任何帧，将使用 `ping` 帧进行健康检查。
`PingTimeout`	`15s`	超时时间，如果未收到对 `Ping` 的响应，连接将在该超时时间后关闭。
`WriteByteTimeout`	`0`	若在该段时间间隔内未写入任何数据，将关闭连接。
`StrictMaxConcurrentStreams`	`false`	设置服务器的 `SETTINGS_MAX_CONCURRENT_STREAMS` 是否应该被全局使用。
`DialTimeout`	`1s`	与主机建立新连接的超时时间。
`MaxIdleConnDuration`	`0`	闲置的长连接在该段时间后关闭。
`DisableKeepAlive`	`false`	是否在每次请求后关闭连接。
`Dialer`	`netpoll.NewDialer()`	用于设置拨号器。
`TLSConfig`	`nil`	`TLS` 配置
`RetryConfig`	`nil`	所有与重试有关的配置

示例代码：

package main

import (
	"context"
	"crypto/tls"
	"encoding/json"
	"fmt"
	"net/http"
	"time"

	"github.com/cloudwego/hertz/pkg/app/client/retry"
	"github.com/cloudwego/hertz/pkg/app"
	"github.com/cloudwego/hertz/pkg/app/client"
	"github.com/cloudwego/hertz/pkg/app/server"
	"github.com/cloudwego/hertz/pkg/network/standard"
	"github.com/cloudwego/hertz/pkg/protocol"

	"github.com/hertz-contrib/http2/config"
	"github.com/hertz-contrib/http2/factory"
)

const (
	keyPEM = `<your key PEM>`
	certPEM = `<your cert PEM>`
)

func runClient() {
	cli, _ := client.NewClient()
	cli.SetClientFactory(factory.NewClientFactory(
		config.WithDialTimeout(3*time.Second),
		config.WithReadIdleTimeout(1*time.Second),
		config.WithWriteByteTimeout(time.Second),
		config.WithPingTimeout(time.Minute),
		config.WithMaxIdleConnDuration(2*time.Second),
		config.WithClientDisableKeepAlive(true),     //Close Connection after each request
		config.WithStrictMaxConcurrentStreams(true), // Set the server's SETTINGS_MAX_CONCURRENT_STREAMS to be respected globally.
		config.WithDialer(standard.NewDialer()),     // You can customize dialer here
		config.WithMaxHeaderListSize(0xffffffff),    // Set SETTINGS_MAX_HEADER_LIST_SIZE to unlimited.
		config.WithMaxIdempotentCallAttempts(3),
		config.WithRetryConfig(
			retry.WithMaxAttemptTimes(3),
			retry.WithInitDelay(2*time.Millisecond),
			retry.WithMaxDelay(200*time.Millisecond),
			retry.WithMaxJitter(30*time.Millisecond),
			retry.WithDelayPolicy(retry.FixedDelayPolicy),
		),
		config.WithStrictMaxConcurrentStreams(true), // Set the server's SETTINGS_MAX_CONCURRENT_STREAMS to be respected globally.
		config.WithTLSConfig(&tls.Config{
			SessionTicketsDisabled: false,
			InsecureSkipVerify:     true,
		}),
	))

	v, _ := json.Marshal(map[string]string{
		"hello":    "world",
		"protocol": "h2",
	})

	for {
		time.Sleep(time.Second * 1)
		req, rsp := protocol.AcquireRequest(), protocol.AcquireResponse()
		req.SetMethod("POST")
		req.SetRequestURI("https://127.0.0.1:8888")
		req.SetBody(v)
		err := cli.Do(context.Background(), req, rsp)
		if err != nil {
			fmt.Println(err)
			return
		}
		fmt.Printf("[client]: received body: %s\n", string(rsp.Body()))
	}
}

func main() {
	cfg := &tls.Config{
		MinVersion:       tls.VersionTLS12,
		CurvePreferences: []tls.CurveID{tls.X25519, tls.CurveP256},
		CipherSuites: []uint16{
			tls.TLS_ECDHE_ECDSA_WITH_CHACHA20_POLY1305,
			tls.TLS_ECDHE_ECDSA_WITH_AES_256_GCM_SHA384,
			tls.TLS_ECDHE_ECDSA_WITH_AES_128_GCM_SHA256,
		},
	}

	cert, err := tls.X509KeyPair([]byte(certPEM), []byte(keyPEM))
	if err != nil {
		fmt.Println(err.Error())
	}
	cfg.Certificates = append(cfg.Certificates, cert)
	h := server.New(server.WithHostPorts(":8888"), server.WithALPN(true), server.WithTLS(cfg))

	// register http2 server factory
	h.AddProtocol("h2", factory.NewServerFactory(
		config.WithReadTimeout(time.Minute),
		config.WithDisableKeepAlive(false)))
	cfg.NextProtos = append(cfg.NextProtos, "h2")

	h.POST("/", func(ctx context.Context, c *app.RequestContext) {
		var j map[string]string
		_ = json.Unmarshal(c.Request.Body(), &j)
		fmt.Printf("[server]: received request: %+v\n", j)

		r := map[string]string{
			"msg": "hello world",
		}
		for k, v := range j {
			r[k] = v
		}
		c.JSON(http.StatusOK, r)
	})

	go runClient()

	h.Spin()
}

WithMaxHeaderListSize

用于设置 SETTINGS_MAX_HEADER_LIST_SIZE。

与 HTTP2 规范不同，这里的 0 表示使用默认限制（目前是 10MB）。如果想表示无限，可以设置为一个尽可能大的值（0xffffffff 或 1<<32-1）。

函数签名：

func WithMaxHeaderListSize(maxHeaderListSize uint32) ClientOption

WithReadIdleTimeout

用于设置读取超时时间，超时后将使用 ping 帧进行健康检查。

注意，一个 ping 响应将被视为一个接收帧，所以如果连接上没有其他流量，健康检查将在每一个读取超时时间间隔内进行。

默认值为 0 表示不执行健康检查。

函数签名：

func WithReadIdleTimeout(readIdleTimeout time.Duration) ClientOption

WithWriteByteTimeout

用于设置写入超时时间，超时后连接将被关闭。当数据可以写入时开始计时，并随数据的写入不断延长。

函数签名：

func WithWriteByteTimeout(writeByteTimeout time.Duration) ClientOption

WithStrictMaxConcurrentStreams

用来设置服务器的 SETTINGS_MAX_CONCURRENT_STREAMS 是否应该被全局使用。

函数签名：

func WithStrictMaxConcurrentStreams(strictMaxConcurrentStreams bool) ClientOption

WithPingTimeout

设置 ping 响应的超时时间，如果未收到对 Ping 的响应，连接将在该超时时间后关闭。

默认为 15s

函数签名：

func WithPingTimeout(pt time.Duration) ClientOption

WithAllowHTTP

用于设置是否允许 http。如果启用，客户端将使用 h2c 模式。默认不启用。

函数签名：

func WithAllowHTTP(allow bool) ClientOption

WithDialer

支持自定义拨号器，默认为 netpoll.NewDialer()。

函数签名：

func WithDialer(d network.Dialer) ClientOption

接口定义：

type Dialer interface {
	// DialConnection is used to dial the peer end.
	DialConnection(network, address string, timeout time.Duration, tlsConfig *tls.Config) (conn Conn, err error)

	// DialTimeout is used to dial the peer end with a timeout.
	//
	// NOTE: Not recommended to use this function. Just for compatibility.
	DialTimeout(network, address string, timeout time.Duration, tlsConfig *tls.Config) (conn net.Conn, err error)

	// AddTLS will transfer a common connection to a tls connection.
	AddTLS(conn Conn, tlsConfig *tls.Config) (Conn, error)
}

WithDialTimeout

用于设置与主机建立新连接的超时时间，默认为 1s。

函数签名：

func WithDialTimeout(timeout time.Duration) ClientOption

WithTLSConfig

用于自定义 TLS 配置。

函数签名：

func WithTLSConfig(tlsConfig *tls.Config) ClientOption

WithMaxIdleConnDuration

用于设置长连接的最长闲置时间，超过该时间后连接关闭。默认为 0。

函数签名：

func WithMaxIdleConnDuration(d time.Duration) ClientOption

WithMaxIdempotentCallAttempts

设置idempotent calls的最大尝试次数。

函数签名：

func WithMaxIdempotentCallAttempts(n int) ClientOption

WithRetryConfig

用于设置与重试有关的配置。

函数签名：

func WithRetryConfig(opts ...retry.Option) ClientOption

WithClientDisableKeepAlive

用于设置是否在每次请求后关闭连接。默认为 false。

函数签名：

func WithClientDisableKeepAlive(disable bool) ClientOption

更多用法示例详见 hertz-contrib/http2。

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最后修改 April 2, 2025 : doc(Eino): fix a typo (#1294) (048e436)